diff --git a/src/commands/send.ts b/src/commands/send.ts
index dc1039490..0e74698a6 100644
--- a/src/commands/send.ts
+++ b/src/commands/send.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@ import type { CliDeps } from "../cli/deps.js";
 import { loadConfig } from "../config/config.js";
 import { callGateway, randomIdempotencyKey } from "../gateway/call.js";
 import { success } from "../globals.js";
-import type { OutboundDeliveryResult } from "../infra/outbound/deliver.js";
 import { deliverOutboundPayloads } from "../infra/outbound/deliver.js";
+import {
+  buildOutboundDeliveryJson,
+  formatOutboundDeliverySummary,
+} from "../infra/outbound/format.js";
 import { resolveOutboundTarget } from "../infra/outbound/targets.js";
 import type { RuntimeEnv } from "../runtime.js";
 
@@ -60,25 +63,18 @@ export async function sendCommand(
       },
     });
     const last = results.at(-1);
-    const summary = formatDirectSendSummary(provider, last);
+    const summary = formatOutboundDeliverySummary(provider, last);
     runtime.log(success(summary));
     if (opts.json) {
       runtime.log(
         JSON.stringify(
-          {
+          buildOutboundDeliveryJson({
             provider,
             via: "direct",
             to: opts.to,
-            messageId: last?.messageId ?? "unknown",
-            ...(last && "chatId" in last ? { chatId: last.chatId } : {}),
-            ...(last && "channelId" in last
-              ? { channelId: last.channelId }
-              : {}),
-            ...(last && "timestamp" in last
-              ? { timestamp: last.timestamp }
-              : {}),
-            mediaUrl: opts.media ?? null,
-          },
+            result: last,
+            mediaUrl: opts.media,
+          }),
           null,
           2,
         ),
@@ -130,28 +126,3 @@ export async function sendCommand(
     );
   }
 }
-
-function formatDirectSendSummary(
-  provider: string,
-  result: OutboundDeliveryResult | undefined,
-): string {
-  if (!result) {
-    return `✅ Sent via ${provider}. Message ID: unknown`;
-  }
-  if (result.provider === "telegram") {
-    return `✅ Sent via telegram. Message ID: ${result.messageId} (chat ${result.chatId})`;
-  }
-  if (result.provider === "discord") {
-    return `✅ Sent via discord. Message ID: ${result.messageId} (channel ${result.channelId})`;
-  }
-  if (result.provider === "slack") {
-    return `✅ Sent via slack. Message ID: ${result.messageId} (channel ${result.channelId})`;
-  }
-  if (result.provider === "signal") {
-    return `✅ Sent via signal. Message ID: ${result.messageId}`;
-  }
-  if (result.provider === "imessage") {
-    return `✅ Sent via iMessage. Message ID: ${result.messageId}`;
-  }
-  return `✅ Sent via ${provider}. Message ID: ${result.messageId}`;
-}
diff --git a/src/infra/outbound/format.test.ts b/src/infra/outbound/format.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92e2beeb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/infra/outbound/format.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+
+import {
+  buildOutboundDeliveryJson,
+  formatOutboundDeliverySummary,
+} from "./format.js";
+
+describe("formatOutboundDeliverySummary", () => {
+  it("falls back when result is missing", () => {
+    expect(formatOutboundDeliverySummary("telegram")).toBe(
+      "✅ Sent via telegram. Message ID: unknown",
+    );
+    expect(formatOutboundDeliverySummary("imessage")).toBe(
+      "✅ Sent via iMessage. Message ID: unknown",
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("adds chat or channel details", () => {
+    expect(
+      formatOutboundDeliverySummary("telegram", {
+        provider: "telegram",
+        messageId: "m1",
+        chatId: "c1",
+      }),
+    ).toBe("✅ Sent via telegram. Message ID: m1 (chat c1)");
+
+    expect(
+      formatOutboundDeliverySummary("discord", {
+        provider: "discord",
+        messageId: "d1",
+        channelId: "chan",
+      }),
+    ).toBe("✅ Sent via discord. Message ID: d1 (channel chan)");
+  });
+});
+
+describe("buildOutboundDeliveryJson", () => {
+  it("builds direct delivery payloads", () => {
+    expect(
+      buildOutboundDeliveryJson({
+        provider: "telegram",
+        to: "123",
+        result: { provider: "telegram", messageId: "m1", chatId: "c1" },
+        mediaUrl: "https://example.com/a.png",
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({
+      provider: "telegram",
+      via: "direct",
+      to: "123",
+      messageId: "m1",
+      mediaUrl: "https://example.com/a.png",
+      chatId: "c1",
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("supports whatsapp metadata when present", () => {
+    expect(
+      buildOutboundDeliveryJson({
+        provider: "whatsapp",
+        to: "+1",
+        result: { provider: "whatsapp", messageId: "w1", toJid: "jid" },
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({
+      provider: "whatsapp",
+      via: "direct",
+      to: "+1",
+      messageId: "w1",
+      mediaUrl: null,
+      toJid: "jid",
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("keeps timestamp for signal", () => {
+    expect(
+      buildOutboundDeliveryJson({
+        provider: "signal",
+        to: "+1",
+        result: { provider: "signal", messageId: "s1", timestamp: 123 },
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({
+      provider: "signal",
+      via: "direct",
+      to: "+1",
+      messageId: "s1",
+      mediaUrl: null,
+      timestamp: 123,
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/infra/outbound/format.ts b/src/infra/outbound/format.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8104ce95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/infra/outbound/format.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import type { OutboundDeliveryResult } from "./deliver.js";
+
+export type OutboundDeliveryJson = {
+  provider: string;
+  via: "direct" | "gateway";
+  to: string;
+  messageId: string;
+  mediaUrl: string | null;
+  chatId?: string;
+  channelId?: string;
+  timestamp?: number;
+  toJid?: string;
+};
+
+const resolveProviderLabel = (provider: string) =>
+  provider === "imessage" ? "iMessage" : provider;
+
+export function formatOutboundDeliverySummary(
+  provider: string,
+  result?: OutboundDeliveryResult,
+): string {
+  if (!result) {
+    return `✅ Sent via ${resolveProviderLabel(provider)}. Message ID: unknown`;
+  }
+
+  const label = resolveProviderLabel(result.provider);
+  const base = `✅ Sent via ${label}. Message ID: ${result.messageId}`;
+
+  if ("chatId" in result) return `${base} (chat ${result.chatId})`;
+  if ("channelId" in result) return `${base} (channel ${result.channelId})`;
+  return base;
+}
+
+export function buildOutboundDeliveryJson(params: {
+  provider: string;
+  to: string;
+  result?: OutboundDeliveryResult;
+  via?: "direct" | "gateway";
+  mediaUrl?: string | null;
+}): OutboundDeliveryJson {
+  const { provider, to, result } = params;
+  const messageId = result?.messageId ?? "unknown";
+  const payload: OutboundDeliveryJson = {
+    provider,
+    via: params.via ?? "direct",
+    to,
+    messageId,
+    mediaUrl: params.mediaUrl ?? null,
+  };
+
+  if (result && "chatId" in result) payload.chatId = result.chatId;
+  if (result && "channelId" in result) payload.channelId = result.channelId;
+  if (result && "timestamp" in result && result.timestamp !== undefined) {
+    payload.timestamp = result.timestamp;
+  }
+  if (result && "toJid" in result) payload.toJid = result.toJid;
+
+  return payload;
+}